[1] Anđić, B., Maričić, M., Mumcu, F., Prodromou, T., Leoste, J., Saimon, M., & Lavicza, Z. (2024). Direct and indirect instruction in educational robotics: a comparative study of task performance per cognitive level and student perception. Smart Learning Environments, 11(1), 12. https://doi. org/10.1186/s40561-024-00298-6
[2] Chen, P.-H., Huang, Y.-M., Wu, T.-T., & Lee, H. Y. (2025). Coding Error-Based Reflective Learning with ChatGPT: A Study on Higher order Thinking Skills in Programming Education. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Modern Educational Technology, https://doi. org/10.1145/3729434.3729435
[3] Hong, B. V., Phuong, P. N. T., & Tiep, N. Q. (2023). Thực trạng dạy học STEM cho học sinh phổ thông tại Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh [Current status of STEM teaching for high school students in Ho Chi Minh City]. Vietnam Journal of Education, 23(03), 31-35. https://tcgd.tapchigiaoduc.edu.vn/index. php/tapchi/article/view/640
[4] Jia, L., Jalaludin, N. A., & Rasul, M. S. (2023). Design Thinking and Project-Based Learning (DT-PBL): A Review of the Literature. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 22(08). https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.8.20
[5] Kabir, A. Z. M. T., Nath, N. D., Hasan, F., Utshaw, R. A., & Saha, L. (2019). Automated Parking System with Fee Management Using Arduino. 10th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), India.
[6] Kapur, M. (2025). Productive failure: Unlocking deeper learning through the science of failing. John Wiley & Sons.
[7] Kepuska, V., & Alshamsi, H. (2016). Smart Car Parking System. International Journal of Science and Technology, 5(8), 390–395. https://doi.org/https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103956
[8] King-Sears, M. E., Stefanidis, A., Evmenova, A. S., Rao, K., Mergen, R. L., Owen, L. S., & Strimel, M. M. (2023). Achievement of learners receiving UDL instruction: A meta-analysis. Teaching and Teacher Education, 122, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tate.2022.103956
[9] Kosmas, P., Nisiforou, E. A., Kounnapi, E., Sophocleous, S., & Theophanous, G. (2025). Integrating artificial intelligence in literacy lessons for elementary classrooms: a co-design approach. Educational technology research and development, 73(4), 2589 2615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-025-10492-z
[10] Laaouafy, M., Lakrami, F., & Labouidya, O. (2024). A smart parking system combining IoT and AI to address improper parking. International Journal on Information Technologies and Security, 16(2), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.59035/ZMRY7124
[11] Lee, H.-P., Sarkar, A., Tankelevitch, L., Drosos, I., Rintel, S., Banks, R., & Wilson, N. (2025). The impact of generative AI on critical thinking: Self-reported reductions in cognitive effort and confidence effects from a survey of knowledge workers. In Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ‘25).
[12] Lee, H.-Y., Chen, P.-H., Wang, W.-S., Huang, Y.-M., & Wu, T.-T. (2024). Empowering ChatGPT with guidance mechanism in blended learning: effect of self-regulated learning, higher-order thinking skills, and knowledge construction. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s41239-024-00447-4
[13] Lin, C.-J., Lee, H.-Y., Wang, W.-S., Huang, Y.-M., & Wu, T.-T. (2025). Enhancing STEM collaboration through reflective strategies in the 6E learning model: insights from voice recognition analysis. Education and Information Technologies, 30(4), 4251-4276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024 12957-9
[14] Mamun, A. A., Hasib, A., Mussa, A. S. M., Hossen, R., & Rahman, A. (2025). IoT-Enabled Smart Car Parking System Through Integrated Sensors and Mobile Application. 4th International Conference on Robotics, Electrical and Signal Processing Techniques (ICREST), Bangladesh.
[15] Ministry of Education and Training. (2024). Thông tư số 06/2024/TT-BGDĐT về ban hành Quy chế Cuộc thi nghiên cứu khoa học, kỹ thuật cấp quốc gia dành cho học sinh trung học cơ sở và trung học phổ thông [Circular No. 06/2024/TT-BGDĐT: Promulgating the Regulation on the National Science and Technology Research Competition for Secondary Students]. Ha Noi. Retrieved from https://tulieuvankien.dangcongsan.vn/he thong-van-ban/van-ban-quy-pham-phap-luat/ thong-tu-so-062024tt-bgddt-ngay-10042024-cua bo-giao-duc-va-dao-tao-ban-hanh-quy-che-cuoc thi-nghien-cuu-khoa-hoc-ky-thuat-10382
[16] Moffit, J. L. (2024). Effect of Social Impact Project on Student Motivation, Engagement, and Achievement [Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) Dissertation, Arkansas State University]. Jonesboro, Arkansas. https://arch.astate.edu/all-etd/17
[17] Nagarjuna, N., Kumari, P. L., Susheela, K., & Sasikala, R. (2024). Arduino-based smart parking system. In Futuristic Trends in IoT (Vol. 3, pp. 94–103)
[18] Nga, N. T., Muoi, H. P., Duc, N. M., Hien, P. T. T., Tam, T. N., Phung, N. Y., & Ngoc, T. T. (2022). Thiết kế và tổ chức hoạt động trải nghiệm STEM/ STEAM và nghiên cứu khoa học kĩ thuật ở trường phổ thông [Design and organization of STEM/ STEAM experiential activities and technical scientific research in secondary schools]. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Sư phạm Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh [Ho Chi Minh City University of Education Publishing House].
[19] Ngan, L. H. M., Tu, N. T., Ngoc, M. T. K., Phuong, D. D., Thang, V. Q., & Bien, N. V. (2020). Một số yếu tố ảnh hưởng hứng thú đối với lĩnh vực Robotics của học sinh một số trường trung học cơ sở ở tại TP Hồ Chí Minh [Factors influencing students’ interest in robotics among several lower secondary schools in Ho Chi Minh City]. Ho Chi Minh City University of Education Journal of Science, 17(08), 1337 1350.
[20] Nugraha, M. G., Kidman, G., & Tan, H. (2024). Interdisciplinary STEM education foundational concepts: Implementation for knowledge creation. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 20(10). https://doi. org/10.29333/ejmste/15471
[21] Öndeş, R. N. (2025). Effects of STEM Practices on Students’ Problem-Solving Skills: A Meta Analysis. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 13(2), 439 461. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.4697
[22] Phuong, P. N. T., Hong, B. V., Phuong, D. V., De, D. V., Trinh, N. T. T., & Tiep, N. Q. (2024). Nâng cao năng lực hướng dẫn nghiên cứu khoa học về giáo dục STEM cho giáo viên Trung học cơ sở: Thực trạng và một số biện pháp [Enhancing the capacity to guide STEM scientific research for lower secondary school teachers: Current status and some solutions]. Vietnam Journal of Education, 24(Special Issue 8), 267-273.
[23] Politburo. (2024). Nghị quyết Số 57-NQ/TW về đột phá phát triển khoa học, công nghệ, đổi mới sáng tạo và chuyển đổi số quốc gia [Resolution No. 57-NQ/TW on breakthroughs in the development of science, technology, innovation, and national digital transformation]. Ha Noi. Retrieved from https:// tulieuvankien.dangcongsan.vn/he-thong-van-ban/ van-ban-cua-dang/nghi-quyet-so-57-nqtw-ngay 22122024-cua-bo-chinh-tri-ve-dot-pha-phat trien-khoa-hoc-cong-nghe-doi-moi-sang-tao-va chuyen-11162
[24] Politburo. (2025). Nghị quyết Số 71-NQ/TW về đột phá phát triển giáo dục và đào tạo [Resolution No. 71 NQ/TW on breakthroughs in the development of education and training]. Ha Noi. Retrieved from https://tulieuvankien.dangcongsan.vn/he-thong van-ban/van-ban-cua-dang/nghi-quyet-so-71 nqtw-ngay-2282025-cua-bo-chinh-tri-ve-dot-pha phat-trien-giao-duc-va-dao-tao-11771
[25] Prongnuch, S., & Sitjongsataporn, S. (2020). Thai Voice Controlled Analysis for Car Parking Assistance in System-on-Chip Architecture. Advances in Technology Innovation, 5(4), 203-215. https://doi. org/10.46604/aiti.2020.5597
[26] Sabbea, M. O. B., Irfan, M., ALtamimi, S. K., Saeed, S. M., Almawgani, A. H. M., & Alghamdi, H. (2018). Design and Development of a Smart Parking System. Journal of Automation and Control Engineering, 6(2), 66-69. https://doi.org/10.18178/ joace.6.2.66-69
[27] Santos, P., El Aadmi, K., Calvera-Isabal, M., & Rodríguez, A. (2025). Fostering students’ motivation and self efficacy in science, technology, engineering, and design through design thinking and making in project-based learning: a gender-perspective study in primary education. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 35(4), 1293 1319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-025-10001-6
[28] Sawalha, G., Taj, I., & Shoufan, A. (2024). Analyzing student prompts and their effect on ChatGPT’s performance. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2397200. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2397200
[29] Society for Science. (2025). International rules for pre college science research: Guidelines for science and engineering fairs 2025-2026. https://www.societyforscience.org/isef/international-rules/
[30] Thach, L. N., Ho, H. T. T., Chuong, H. L. A., Huyen, V. T. T., Huan, L. D., Diem, C. T. T., Tri, L. H. M., Khuong, N. H., & Hau, N. T. (2024). Hướng dẫn học sinh trung học nghiên cứu khoa học [A guide to scientific research for secondary school students]. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Sư phạm Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh [Ho Chi Minh City University of Education Publishing House].
[31] Usher, M., & Barak, M. (2020). Team diversity as a predictor of innovation in team projects of face-to-face and online learners. Computers & Education, 144, 103702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. compedu.2019.103702
[32] Vaccaro, M., Almaatouq, A., & Malone, T. (2024). When combinations of humans and AI are useful: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nature Human Behaviour, 8(12), 2293-2303. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41562-024-02024-1
[33] Wu, T.-T., Lee, H.-Y., Li, P.-H., Huang, C.-N., & Huang, Y.-M. (2024). Promoting Self-Regulation Progress and Knowledge Construction in Blended Learning via ChatGPT-Based Learning Aid. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 61(8), 1539 1567. https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331231191125
[34] Zhang, L., & Ma, Y. (2023). A study of the impact of project-based learning on student learning effects: a meta-analysis study. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1202728